USB Controlled Appliances
USB Controlled Appliances is a system of Internet of Things style appliances that are controlled directly using a computer, rather than through a network or the Internet.
History and Rationale
- TODO: document the overall risk of running outdated firmware on an IoT device's embedded system, and how (all) other hosts on the same network can attack those systems.
The USB Controlled Appliances project mainly started out due to privacy and security concerns in wireless IoT devices. For example, IoT devices that connect to a WiFi network are vulnerable to, or can perform, attacks like ARP spoofing (i.e. it could intercept connections to other websites made by other computers on the same network [or more specifically, on the same layer 2 broadcast segment]). Putting these devices in a network that also has trusted devices can result in many kinds of jump-host attacks, too, since they can also attack e.g. SSH servers on those trusted devices. Therefore, in order to realize a secure IoT system, no wireless or network/Internet connectivity is allowed at all; thus the requirement to use USB.
The ability to control the appliances is entirely under the connected computer's discretion. This means that the appliances can still be controlled over the network if the connected computer has a web server running on it, for example. But this is still discretionary with respect to the connected computer; i.e. the web server is not strictly required for the operation of the USB Controlled Appliances.
To put things another way, a hard drive can be accessed over the network using a network attached storage (NAS) device (similar to a wireless IoT device), or it can be plugged directly into a computer using the USB cable (i.e. as in this project). If it is plugged directly into a computer, then by default, only that computer can access the files on it. However, that same computer could run a web or FTP server to allow the files on that hard drive to be accessed over the network in the same way that a NAS device would do so.
Construction
The system consists of a central hub and (currently) two types of appliances -- a thermostat and an "optocoupler switcher", the latter of which is a somewhat generic means of controlling the buttons on a remote control in a way that is independent of the button's electrical wiring on the remote itself.
Central Hub
- Main article: Central Hub (USB Controlled Appliances)
The central hub consists of a 4 port USB hub IC with three USB-to-UART adapters permanently attached to the USB hub. (The fourth USB port is broken out onto an external USB connector.) Each appliance has an Arduino (ATMEGA328P) with a UART; the UART on the Arduino is connected to the UART on the central hub via a special, removable connector to allow the computer to communicate with the appliance.
On the revision 1 PCB for the central hub, all four of the back USB ports worked, but the UARTs did not; this was because the 7 port USB hub IC (TUSB2077A) turned out to only be a 4 port USB hub; the USB-to-UART chips (3x MCP2221A) were wired onto ports 5, 6, and 7, which meant that they did not work at all. The revision 2 PCB switched to a 4 port USB hub IC to eliminate further confusion.
Optocoupler Switcher
- Main article: Optocoupler Switcher
Thermostat
- Main article: Thermostat (USB Controlled Appliances)
Miscellaneous
USB Controlled Appliances was my senior design (ECE 445) project at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
https://git2.peterjin.org/usb-controlled-appliances
Image gallery
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Final PCB of the central hub
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The central hub appears as a 4-port USB hub with three USB-to-UART devices (permanently) attached to the USB hub.
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Final PCB of the optocoupler switcher (the motion detector goes on the 4-pin header in the center)
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Optocoupler Switcher with relay board attached to it. This allows the lamp to be turned on and off with keys on the computer keyboard.
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Thermostat showing that the "heat" is on
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Everything in the system put together
To do
Document the pin mappings of the buttons and LED's on the thermostat, as well as how to write characters to the PCF8574+HD44780 2x16 screen on the thermostat using I2C Wire.write.
